Teacher Institute
Dr. Joaquín V. González
Chair: Introduction to Philosophy
Professorship in History.
Chair F-2010 school year
About Niccolo Machiavelli (Florence from 1469 to 1527) Florentine writer and statesman, was born within an impoverished noble family, lived in Florence in time and Pedro Lorenzo de Medici. In 1498 he was appointed secretary the second chancellor in charge of Foreign Affairs of the War of the city, a position he held until 1512 and that led him to make major diplomatic missions to the king of France, Emperor Maximilian I and Cesar Borgia, among others.
His diplomatic activity played a role in his political thinking, focusing on the operation of State Power.
Its main objective was to preserve the sovereignty of Florence always threatened by the great European powers, the militia created in 1505. In 1513
Prince writes. In 1520
Cardinal Giulio de 'Medici entrusted several missions and when he became pope under the name Clement VII (1523), Machiavelli, he became superintendent of fortifications in 1526. In 1527
troops Carlos I of Spain captured and sacked Rome that brought about the fall of the Medici in Florence and the political marginalization of Machiavelli, who soon dies.
Western Europe at the time
embryonic forms of capitalist production are in some cities in the Mediterranean in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. In Italy the first articles appear, heralding the transition from craft production characteristic of feudal capitalism. Before than in other European countries, Italy attending intensive expansion of cities and urban culture. Trade, whose main routes then passed through the Mediterranean, usury, exploitation and crafts and a nascent sector workers were living in many Italian cities to substantial sections of bankers and merchants, in some cities, such as Venice, Florence , Genoa and other take over these sectors of political power.
Technical innovations in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth (compass, the use of gunpowder in firearms and printing, to name a few), related to the movement of trade routes who brought the great geographical discoveries led to new centers of economic expansion. Italy lost its leading role in the spread of emerging capitalist economic relations. There are new economic centers in coastal cities of Spain, southern Germany and northern France.
Italy at the time
During the fourteenth century Italy attends extreme political fragmentation. During the fifteenth century in parallel with the formation and rise of the Renaissance as the reduction of the infinite sovereignty in a few Italian principalities. These slight modifications comprise the territorial landscape of the peninsula on Modern Age.
In the northern peninsula were among others the Duchy of Savoy, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Milan and the Republic of Venice.
In the center of the Republics of Florence and Siena and the Papal States.
In the south the kingdom of Naples passed to the dynasty of the house established by Alfonso of Aragon, so provided with the Aragonese dominions in Sicily and Sardinia Spain's hegemony in Italy.
About the "old" science settings
medieval thought (from mid-eleventh century and the fifteenth century), the scientific aspect was the hegemony of what was called the Scholastic (Greek for "one who belongs to the school"), a theological movement - philosophical used Greco-Roman philosophy, there were also Arab and Jewish currents, to understand and explain the religious revelation of Christianity, subordinated reason to faith. Had a very strong expression in European universities at the time, where the power of authority is revealed as absolute, every thought should be subject to his power. Resigned empirical analysis.
His vision of science was hierarchical and had a vision of the cosmos where the earth was the center and everything revolved around it, this was studied by astronomy. Physics was purely descriptive, limited to no more than confirm what was happening.
About the "new" configuration of the natural sciences
Between the fifteenth and seventeenth-century natural sciences were a change in its configuration. Two thinkers who contribute fundamentally to the design of this new image were Copernicus (1473 - 1543) and René Descartes (1596-1650).
René Descartes added the application of a method which consists of four steps: the evidence, analysis, synthesis and enumeration. He also proposed the determination of a subject or object of study and, in terms analysis, one can underline the imposition of simplification, where the object is decomposed to analyze simple volumes come to the knowledge allowing immutable and then grouped to achieve a clear and irrefutable knowledge.
On the other hand can point to Copernicus as a propellant in the application of observation and empiricism on astronomy, the thinker said that the earth revolved around the sun (Galileo Galilei Hypothesis then present a more solid way to help the mathematization of natural sciences) questions the ecclesiastical theory which argued that the center of the universe was the earth and all planets and stars revolved around it, for what this situation exposes the influence of materialism on the outlook.
unavoidably change the image of science is fully demonstrated in the field of physics, as previously this did not have a solid analysis but merely descriptive and, after the change (in which intervention was important to create printing, which in turn led to the visual perception of the books and providing access to knowledge) movement analysis became more deeply through the mathematization of natural sciences. About
text "Machiavelli or the originator of modern political science "of B. Mantilla Pineda,
Estudios The author states that the Florentine genius lies in discovering the specificity of political fact and their way of knowledge. Modern political science is manifested as a break with Aristotle's Politics, its source is the observation of facts experienced and existing political institutions. Abandons the Latin language, forgotten the scholastic, observe and study the men and political institutions with wit and experience and deals with a new method so new it only becomes aware of it since the Renaissance.
Machiavelli explicitly recognizes two sources of political knowledge, experience in public affairs and the study of ancient history, the latter is usable for action and public affairs. He believed that history and politics are the obverse and reverse of the same coin. History is past politics and politics is the history of this. Niccolo Machiavelli
political science built with materials that may provide this observation and study of the past. By personal experience and the testimony of historians, he realized that the political event, the subject of political science is a human fact of power. The political event for him is nothing that the struggle for power. The state as the ultimate expression of power is the theme of the new political science. In his work the subject is only one: Power and State.
both the Prince and the Discourses on Livy addresses the same problem, the cause of the rise and fall of states and the means by which States can make that last. In two books reveals a new type of state that will prevail in the modern Western world from the fifteenth century: the nation state, its originality lies in the way of conceiving the structure of the state as a power structure. Power is a social fact that is reflected in the subjugation of the majority to a minority or a single power comes not from above, is formed and constituted by the will and human action. The real and effective political power is nothing divine.
the author goes on to say that in the struggle for power Machiavelli distinguishes between two types of men: the kind ruler and the ruled type. Within the first not only be those who at all times occupy leading positions in society, but also those who aspire to those positions or could aspire to if they flanges the occasion, the second type is composed of those they do not govern or are able to govern and constitute the majority. This distinction reflects a basic fact of political life namely active political struggle is mostly circumscribed to small minorities of names and most members are, and remain, whatever happens, governed.
With regard to the power inherent in Machiavelli identifies three aspects to it, "virtu" which means the will to power of those who want to rule, the "necessit" or the reality of things that make the man should use its will and the "fortune" or providence, which is half of all things, power is inseparable from this fatum christianum.
sees the state as an end in itself, once established its essential purpose is retained and its aims are above all religious ethics.
continues the same author that for Machiavelli the form of government was a secondary issue, the focus was to make Italy a big state and powerful advocate of Italian national unity.
About the answer to the question: What impact on the configuration of political science the new image of the natural sciences?
experimentation, experience and observation becomes the new way to build the "new" configuration of natural science, Niccolo Machiavelli builds political science from these assumptions embodied in the observation the present and past studies, or taken as a source of knowledge of policy experience in public affairs and the study of ancient history. The most important contribution of the Florentine is an object of study to give the new science as it had the natural sciences, for him the object of study in Political Science is the political fact, embodied in the struggle for power in the relationship between rulers and ruled, in the organization of public affairs and administration of the state, the power and the state are the subject of science initiated by Machiavelli. Finally Machiavelli is not an isolated scientific development of "life" or sealed, but on the contrary, their contributions to political science are fundamentally, and so he approached consciously, a program for political action, ie, theoretical guidelines that serve as a guide to the desire to create what he considered as most important in the political context in which he lived, which was the Italian state-building.
Dario Solari Sabrina Perez-Sosa, María Sol
1st students. Year of Teaching in History
Summary text:
"Reason and power due to the epistemological foundations of politics" by Alvaro Luis López Limón Superior Teaching Academic Unit of Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, published in: Scientific Research, Vol. 5, No. 1, New era , August-December 2009, ISSN 1870-8196
The historical context in which it develops the life and work of Machiavelli is essential to understand the reason for his theory. Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy in 1469. It's that time Italy was a republic ruled by the Medici family. It was divided into small states of which Florence was the more important because of its political significance. During many centuries these states by European powers were transferred over. In addition there were constant wars.
is important to note the great changes of the fifteenth century such as the consolidation of national states, the breakdown of feudal mode of production, the policy put together by the political hegemony of Europe, the unification of Spain and the discovery of America. The policy of all stakeholders in the European theater is the vast field of Machiavelli's observation
.
The European scenario is the observation field of Machiavelli, where their analysis is related with the behavior of the central actors of the time. In his work, Prince, looks like yet tried to bring to correct the activities of its people and its rulers and analysis that makes the power. He describes a prince, a real Italian prince, but at the same time generic type of the great Renaissance sovereign. Part two ideas central to the exercise of political power. They are: the fortune and virtue. Understanding fortune as everything external, outside the Prince, who does not depend on him, but the will of others, can be for or against it. And like everything under its own, the prince himself, everything that constitutes it and incorporating it the ability of the prince of self-reliance and individual designs place the men under his rule.
In Discourses on Livy (known as the Discorsi), the Florentine is dedicated to the study of mixed system and the ideal political form and its comparison with the monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny and democracy . The scheme, whose paradigm is the Roman republic breaks with the idea of \u200b\u200b"cycle of appearance" demagogic Pueblo--Monarquía--Tiranía--Aristocracia/Oligarquía--Democracia/Populismo
is important to note the great changes of the fifteenth century such as the consolidation of national states, the breakdown of feudal mode of production, the policy put together by the political hegemony of Europe, the unification of Spain and the discovery of America. The policy of all stakeholders in the European theater is the vast field of Machiavelli's observation
. The European scenario is the observation field of Machiavelli, where their analysis is related with the behavior of the central actors of the time. In his work, Prince, looks like yet tried to bring to correct the activities of its people and its rulers and analysis that makes the power. He describes a prince, a real Italian prince, but at the same time generic type of the great Renaissance sovereign. Part two ideas central to the exercise of political power. They are: the fortune and virtue. Understanding fortune as everything external, outside the Prince, who does not depend on him, but the will of others, can be for or against it. And like everything under its own, the prince himself, everything that constitutes it and incorporating it the ability of the prince of self-reliance and individual designs place the men under his rule.
In Discourses on Livy (known as the Discorsi), the Florentine is dedicated to the study of mixed system and the ideal political form and its comparison with the monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny and democracy . The scheme, whose paradigm is the Roman republic breaks with the idea of \u200b\u200b"cycle of appearance" demagogic Pueblo--Monarquía--Tiranía--Aristocracia/Oligarquía--Democracia/Populismo
- Monarchy
by its mixed (characteristics legitimate the three models: the monarchy, the consulate of the aristocracy, the Senate, of democracy, the tribune of the plebs).
For Machiavelli the political fact is a human fact, social. Is the relationship between the boss and that obeys a power struggle that is manifested by the submission of a majority to a minority. To master the fundamental human destiny, is the mission of the secretive and exclusive. Power is neither good nor bad, just makes sense by the decision of who uses it and is defined by its universal character present in human nature or by desire. The desire to generate power and the desire to reproduce. The policy conceived as a struggle for power not exclude the use of force, and is the state that monopolizes and legal uses of it.
as a science policy is scientifically and rationally justify this relationship of dominance and submission from one to the will of others, a relationship that is completely irrational. Machiavelli's political science differs from classical political philosophy that identifies and examines Machiavelli's political behavior, its history and its present, and classical politics wants to determine how they should be or are imagined.
The transition from social philosophy to social science is given by the consideration of politics as an experimental science.
When Machiavelli speaks of art politics is dealing with two conceptual and epistemological traditions. On the one hand, the scientific tradition, philosophical, moral, religious and aesthetic. Furthermore, the attempt to establish a new mode of social and political knowledge is parallel to the attempt to establish a new mode of scientific knowledge. The new tradition comes through knowledge of natural science.
From this perspective, art becomes science, and political art must be transformed into political science. The facts of political life reflect the nature of things, being that the policy takes place within the cosmos and is connected with the vital rhythm of the universe.
New politics of Machiavelli and Galileo's physics of unity and uniformity of nature, where all elements respond to the same structure. That accounted for: new and complex ways of seeing the physical nature and human nature are intertwined in a new vision of the world.
The core values \u200b\u200bof social reality will undergo major changes are: politics, science, economics, religion and above all, culture. What then are we to explain with greater emphasis will be the two strongly interrelated elements: politics and religion.
The Renaissance had a crisis on all moral and religious values. In this the man's relationship with the divine is the insecurity about the political and economic powers.
Since the Middle Ages had been superimposed almost single institution and organization coupled with centralized power. Florence is where the first mercantile bourgeoisie, the bourgeoisie is created between Florence and the church a false alliance, but that will lead to a political party named by Machiavelli, Guelfo. This makes the power ecclesiastical power in the first period material.
The Roman church became a princely court. And while it keeps the religious-ideological domination, the bourgeoisie reserves economically and politically.
For Machiavelli the political fact is a human fact, social. Is the relationship between the boss and that obeys a power struggle that is manifested by the submission of a majority to a minority. To master the fundamental human destiny, is the mission of the secretive and exclusive. Power is neither good nor bad, just makes sense by the decision of who uses it and is defined by its universal character present in human nature or by desire. The desire to generate power and the desire to reproduce. The policy conceived as a struggle for power not exclude the use of force, and is the state that monopolizes and legal uses of it.
as a science policy is scientifically and rationally justify this relationship of dominance and submission from one to the will of others, a relationship that is completely irrational. Machiavelli's political science differs from classical political philosophy that identifies and examines Machiavelli's political behavior, its history and its present, and classical politics wants to determine how they should be or are imagined.
The transition from social philosophy to social science is given by the consideration of politics as an experimental science.
When Machiavelli speaks of art politics is dealing with two conceptual and epistemological traditions. On the one hand, the scientific tradition, philosophical, moral, religious and aesthetic. Furthermore, the attempt to establish a new mode of social and political knowledge is parallel to the attempt to establish a new mode of scientific knowledge. The new tradition comes through knowledge of natural science.
From this perspective, art becomes science, and political art must be transformed into political science. The facts of political life reflect the nature of things, being that the policy takes place within the cosmos and is connected with the vital rhythm of the universe.
New politics of Machiavelli and Galileo's physics of unity and uniformity of nature, where all elements respond to the same structure. That accounted for: new and complex ways of seeing the physical nature and human nature are intertwined in a new vision of the world.
The core values \u200b\u200bof social reality will undergo major changes are: politics, science, economics, religion and above all, culture. What then are we to explain with greater emphasis will be the two strongly interrelated elements: politics and religion.
The Renaissance had a crisis on all moral and religious values. In this the man's relationship with the divine is the insecurity about the political and economic powers.
Since the Middle Ages had been superimposed almost single institution and organization coupled with centralized power. Florence is where the first mercantile bourgeoisie, the bourgeoisie is created between Florence and the church a false alliance, but that will lead to a political party named by Machiavelli, Guelfo. This makes the power ecclesiastical power in the first period material.
The Roman church became a princely court. And while it keeps the religious-ideological domination, the bourgeoisie reserves economically and politically.
Maria Belen Segovia, Patricia Sosa, Sotelo-Camila Sabrina Tomason-
Gramsci, Machiavelli reader
by Florencia Serra
As an introduction
article is to develop an analysis of Juan Carlos Portantiero on Antonio Gramsci who writes great reflections on Machiavelli. Gramsci analyzed over the limit and Machiavelli's anguish at being just a writer and not a head of state or an army, but this in "The Prince" argues that it has found among his belongings consider anything more valuable or deemed both a knowledge of the actions of great men who say they have acquired through long experience of modern affairs and a continuous reading of the old. Gramsci choose the plays "The Prince" and "The Art of War" as they conclude a revolutionary transformation of society and the foundation of a new state, where Machiavelli as a man of his time developing a philosophy that tends to the organization of absolute monarchy as a national policy to facilitate further development of the bourgeoisie supported by the productive classes, traders and peasants. This does not mean that Machiavelli is not a supporter of the republican ideal but includes only absolute monarchy can solve the problems of his time. As main shaft is an analysis of political science proclaimed by Machiavelli where the possibility of transforming a thought about politics in political action comes from the ability to construct an ideology-myth. Gramsci refers to myth as "The Prince" is for him a political manifesto which is not a historical reality but a doctrinal abstraction.
article is to develop an analysis of Juan Carlos Portantiero on Antonio Gramsci who writes great reflections on Machiavelli. Gramsci analyzed over the limit and Machiavelli's anguish at being just a writer and not a head of state or an army, but this in "The Prince" argues that it has found among his belongings consider anything more valuable or deemed both a knowledge of the actions of great men who say they have acquired through long experience of modern affairs and a continuous reading of the old. Gramsci choose the plays "The Prince" and "The Art of War" as they conclude a revolutionary transformation of society and the foundation of a new state, where Machiavelli as a man of his time developing a philosophy that tends to the organization of absolute monarchy as a national policy to facilitate further development of the bourgeoisie supported by the productive classes, traders and peasants. This does not mean that Machiavelli is not a supporter of the republican ideal but includes only absolute monarchy can solve the problems of his time. As main shaft is an analysis of political science proclaimed by Machiavelli where the possibility of transforming a thought about politics in political action comes from the ability to construct an ideology-myth. Gramsci refers to myth as "The Prince" is for him a political manifesto which is not a historical reality but a doctrinal abstraction.
Problem of "The Prince" as Gramsci
Prince is a political ideology presented as the creation of a specific fantasy that acts on a dispersed people and pulverized to arouse and organize its collective will. Where rules involve ethically neutral techniques, suggests this type of rules to people who do not know the class of his time revolutionized the people, and the Italian nation. May be considered Machiavelli wants to persuade these forces need to have a "boss" who knows what he wants and how to get what they want and accept it with enthusiasm, even though their actions may be or appear to conflict with the ideology disseminated at the time as well as in religion. So for
Gramsci The Modern Prince and can not be a specific person but an element of a complex society in which it begins to take shape a collective will. The role of the political party of the Modern Prince, is then the germ of a new national-popular collective will, as well as organizer of an intellectual and moral reform can generate a new outlook.
Prince is a political ideology presented as the creation of a specific fantasy that acts on a dispersed people and pulverized to arouse and organize its collective will. Where rules involve ethically neutral techniques, suggests this type of rules to people who do not know the class of his time revolutionized the people, and the Italian nation. May be considered Machiavelli wants to persuade these forces need to have a "boss" who knows what he wants and how to get what they want and accept it with enthusiasm, even though their actions may be or appear to conflict with the ideology disseminated at the time as well as in religion. So for
Gramsci The Modern Prince and can not be a specific person but an element of a complex society in which it begins to take shape a collective will. The role of the political party of the Modern Prince, is then the germ of a new national-popular collective will, as well as organizer of an intellectual and moral reform can generate a new outlook.
New Machiavelli's political conception
to Gramsci Machiavelli is the founder of political autonomy with different laws and principles of religion and morality and that is a fundamental point because all the design innovations in the world. You can not, judge the policy from the categories of morality and religion, the policy should generate its own codes and processes that involve foundational intellectual and moral reform. Machiavelli wrote in "The Prince" that there are two ways to combat the ingenuity of a man with the laws (of a man) and strength (of an animal). Like most of the time the first is not enough should appeal the second, and further that maintaining a state for a Prince to act against faith, against charity, against humanity and against religion. It is also essential to have the courage willing to change as the winds of fortune and variations of things. It should be noted this sentence "... mentioned here are extraordinary record, made by God opened the sea, a cloud hath shown the way, the rock has poured the water, here it has rained manna, everything has concurred to your greatness. The rest you must do you. God does not do anything to take away free will and is part of the glory that belongs to us. " Finally implies that the new laws and new institutions created by man have greatness and make respectable and admirable.
to Gramsci Machiavelli is the founder of political autonomy with different laws and principles of religion and morality and that is a fundamental point because all the design innovations in the world. You can not, judge the policy from the categories of morality and religion, the policy should generate its own codes and processes that involve foundational intellectual and moral reform. Machiavelli wrote in "The Prince" that there are two ways to combat the ingenuity of a man with the laws (of a man) and strength (of an animal). Like most of the time the first is not enough should appeal the second, and further that maintaining a state for a Prince to act against faith, against charity, against humanity and against religion. It is also essential to have the courage willing to change as the winds of fortune and variations of things. It should be noted this sentence "... mentioned here are extraordinary record, made by God opened the sea, a cloud hath shown the way, the rock has poured the water, here it has rained manna, everything has concurred to your greatness. The rest you must do you. God does not do anything to take away free will and is part of the glory that belongs to us. " Finally implies that the new laws and new institutions created by man have greatness and make respectable and admirable.
Machiavelli and his work "The Prince"
This book he wrote in 1513 was composed of the principalities to Machiavelli a large area of \u200b\u200ball the knowledge he gained on that subject. Examines what a principality is, what they consist, and their classes, as purchased, how to conserve and how to lose. All matter of this treaty is organized around two main axes:
1 - Types of rule and ways to get to power, Machiavelli
principality distinguishes three types: the hereditary, new or mixed, and the church, but focuses on being investigated in new or mixed, as the complexity of them find it very attractive, since they are subject to the same reality. And to prove the unpredictability of events and therefore unable to establish a fixed and universal laws, uses the figure of the "fortune" irrational force that disrupts what the man with his rational capacity (virtue) attempts to organize. So the prince can only take power without the three elements converge: virtue, wealth and opportunity as a mediating force between them.
2 - Conservation of Power:
Once the prince's government has achieved a new principality, to worry about conservation. And in this part of Machiavelli's analysis of the state defense policy, the personal characteristics of the prince and advice to govern. The author considers it essential to the strength of the army as an expression of power of the prince, and claims the military autonomy, the prince should be noted more for its effectiveness than for their virtue, and emphasizes the concern for public image, based on good relationships with the people and not so much in the minority (nobility).
The prince has to live forever with the people but you can create or destroy and remove them or give reputation to the nobles as his fancy. The prince must have the people on his side because if not, will not remedy the adversities. Prince
need a good foundation because if not sink and the main foundation of all States to both new and old, or mixed, are good laws and good arms. All Prince
should want to be taken by compassionate and not cruel, but must be careful not to misuse their compassion. Therefore a prince need not worry that you'll be accused of cruel, if a sudden change keeps its united and loyal. Therefore it is "safer to be feared than loved" would be convenient for both the one and the other although it is very difficult to collect both. Bibliography
used
- Portantiero, Juan Carlos. "Gramsci, Machiavelli reader." In publication: Fortuna and Virtue in Democratic Republic. Essays on Machiavelli. Thomas Várnagy CLACSO, Latin American Social Sciences Council, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina.2000.
- Machiavelli, Nicolas. " Prince." Terramar, La Plata, Argentina. 2006
This book he wrote in 1513 was composed of the principalities to Machiavelli a large area of \u200b\u200ball the knowledge he gained on that subject. Examines what a principality is, what they consist, and their classes, as purchased, how to conserve and how to lose. All matter of this treaty is organized around two main axes:
1 - Types of rule and ways to get to power, Machiavelli
principality distinguishes three types: the hereditary, new or mixed, and the church, but focuses on being investigated in new or mixed, as the complexity of them find it very attractive, since they are subject to the same reality. And to prove the unpredictability of events and therefore unable to establish a fixed and universal laws, uses the figure of the "fortune" irrational force that disrupts what the man with his rational capacity (virtue) attempts to organize. So the prince can only take power without the three elements converge: virtue, wealth and opportunity as a mediating force between them.
2 - Conservation of Power:
Once the prince's government has achieved a new principality, to worry about conservation. And in this part of Machiavelli's analysis of the state defense policy, the personal characteristics of the prince and advice to govern. The author considers it essential to the strength of the army as an expression of power of the prince, and claims the military autonomy, the prince should be noted more for its effectiveness than for their virtue, and emphasizes the concern for public image, based on good relationships with the people and not so much in the minority (nobility).
The prince has to live forever with the people but you can create or destroy and remove them or give reputation to the nobles as his fancy. The prince must have the people on his side because if not, will not remedy the adversities. Prince
need a good foundation because if not sink and the main foundation of all States to both new and old, or mixed, are good laws and good arms. All Prince
should want to be taken by compassionate and not cruel, but must be careful not to misuse their compassion. Therefore a prince need not worry that you'll be accused of cruel, if a sudden change keeps its united and loyal. Therefore it is "safer to be feared than loved" would be convenient for both the one and the other although it is very difficult to collect both. Bibliography
used
- Portantiero, Juan Carlos. "Gramsci, Machiavelli reader." In publication: Fortuna and Virtue in Democratic Republic. Essays on Machiavelli. Thomas Várnagy CLACSO, Latin American Social Sciences Council, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina.2000.
- Machiavelli, Nicolas. " Prince." Terramar, La Plata, Argentina. 2006
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